How to read test report ( full version )

 Blood
general medical care usually do is 3 large regular, which is inside the necessary medical records, especially in children with fever cold, suggest that you go to the hospital to test their own request, to see see is not a virus infection, so doctors can avoid the abuse of antibiotics.
fingertip blood tests are generally the blood (in the past to take earlobe peripheral blood), including hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count and platelet count and classification, in the English acronym said.

hemoglobin (HGB) for the normal 120-150g / L
leukocyte count (WBC) normal for the 4 × 109/L-10 × 109 / L
which neutrophils ( NEUT%) was 0.5-0.7
normal lymphocytes (LYM%) when 0.2-0.4
normal eosinophils (MXD%) normal for the 0-0.02
platelet (PLT) is normal 100 × 109/L-300 × 109 / L
HCT
mean corpuscular volume (MCV) for the 82-92fL
normal average hemoglobin concentration (MCHc) normal is 340-360g / L


clinical significance:

If HGB is lower than 120g / L, it means anemia exist, should be further examination is the nature of the anemia, if the HGB value is higher than 160g / L, probably because people with higher syndrome, or blood hemoglobin is concentrated's sake, WBC white blood cells representative of the body's defense system is an important component, equivalent to the national army, a total increase in the total number (more than 10 × 109 / L), the more that inflammation, infection exists, many patients with fever symptoms at this time, if the WBC count is too high in the (30-50) × 109 / L or more, the patient is in children or young people, accompanied by more serious anemia can not be explained, please do not take it lightly, do bone marrow biopsy should be further exclude the possibility of leukemia, leukocyte count less than 4 × 109 / L, may be accepted radiation, drugs and viral infections caused by chemical poisoning. The proportion of neutrophils increased more than mean infection (especially bacterial infection) exist, lymphocytes increased more common in chronic disease and receive long-term radiation exposure, eosinophil white blood cells increased, there is often that the body caused by allergens allergies exist, such as parasites (common roundworm), allergic inflammation, allergic reaction and so on. PLT reduction, there may be bleeding, such as ITP so increased, that the blood is hypercoagulable state, prone to thrombosis.


red blood cell count (RBC) and hemoglobin (HGB) to reduce, to a diagnosis of anemia. Red blood cell volume by the size of giant cell anemia can be divided into small cell anemia and positive cell anemia. MCV (mean corpuscular volume) and MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) as the main basis for classification.

2.

urine protein (PRO) was negative
normal urine (GLU ) negative
normal red blood cell (RBC) normal 0-1 / HP
leukocytes (LEU) normal 0-5 / HP
urate crystals (NIT)
ketone (KET) negative
normal urinary bile element (UBG) ; qualitative: quantitative 1-4mg/24h
weak positive bilirubin (BIL) normal negative
Urinary occult blood (ERY) the proportion of the normal negative
(SG) ; normal clinical significance of 1.018

:

urinary tract infection, LEU often 30 to 50 / high power (normal value is negative: neg), PRO If accompanied by a large number of NIT, and ERY-positive (normal is neg) then prompt for the urinary tract stones (secondary); GLU . Due to diabetes, more likely, or other parts of the urinary tract infection.

3. Blood gas and electrolytes (blood chemistry)

; normal reference values ​​
pH (PH) 7.35-7.45
carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) 35-45mmHg
partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) 75-100mmHg
bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) 21.3-27.3 mmol / L
sodium ions (Na +) 136-146mmol / L
potassium ions (K +) 3.5-5.5mmol / L
chloride ion (Cl-) 96-106mmol / L


Clinical Significance:

electrolyte imbalance may have metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis four cases. Blood PH (on behalf of pH) and HCO3-(bicarbonate ion) increased, is a sign of alkalosis. When alkalosis respiratory center depression, difficulty breathing, blood CO2 (carbon dioxide) accumulate result PaCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) increased and PaO2 (oxygen partial pressure) decreased.

gastric juice is rich in K + (K), Cl-(chloride) ions, K + caused by frequent vomiting and loss of CL-large, so that the serum K +, Cl-decreased. Metabolic alkalosis is caused, not breathing causes. Accompanied by serum K + and CL-reduced, it can be diagnosed as metabolic (low potassium chloride) alkalosis, immediate rehydration treatment line, replace lost K + and CL-, and correct the alkalosis, further changes to avoid the disease, serious consequences

4.


Projects liver function unit normal reference values ​​
alanine aminotransferase (ALT) IU / L ; (1 ~ 38)
aspartate aminotransferase (AST) IU / L (8 ~ 40) < br> alkaline phosphatase (ALP) IU / L (100 ~ 275)
r-turn peptidase (GGT) IU / L (9 ~ 40)
total bilirubin Su (TBIL) umol / L (4 ~ 20)
direct bilirubin (DBIL) ; umol / L (0 ~ 7)

clinical significance:

ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), GGT (r-GGT), significantly higher results, reflecting liver dysfunction (damage), TBIL (total bilirubin) increased tips jaundice, caused by the biliary obstruction. Common causes of biliary stones, bile duct ascariasis, biliary cancer, biliary obstruction or pancreatic head caused by tumor compression, caused by violations of common bile duct.

5. HB 2 on the half-test
normal
surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative
surface antibody ( anti-HBs) positive or negative
e antigen (HBeAg) ; negative anti-HBe negative

core antibody ( anti-HBc) negative


clinical significance:


here refers to the positive is to check the hepatitis B antibody in hepatitis B virus antigen, hepatitis B virus infection should be referred to as markers, because of three antigens and antibodies and their corresponding three core antigen is usually not detected, only two kinds of detection antigen and three antibodies, two types of antigen is surface antigen (HBsAg), e antigen (HbeAg); three antibodies were the surface antibody (anti-HBs) core antibody (anti-HBc) and (anti-HBe). Found HbsAg, HbeAg and anti-HBc or

surface antibody or anti-HBs, hepatitis B infection is produced protective antibodies. When they find anti-HBs positive only when there are several possibilities: First, the recovery in acute hepatitis. Anti-HBs negative HbsAg often occurs after a period of time, sustainable for many years; second found that only surface antibody-positive, without a clear previous history of hepatitis B infection, but also shows the hidden past have had HBV infection, disease has been cured, the virus has been cleared; the last is the result of hepatitis B vaccination. The purpose of hepatitis B vaccine, it is hoped to produce a protective antibody to hepatitis B prevention purposes.

addition, a rare fulminant hepatitis, due to very strong immune response, this time the surface can produce high titer antibodies, but this may damage the body's immune hyperthyroidism, adverse consequences, the occurrence of massive hepatic necrosis leading to liver failure.

of HBsAg carriers education, employment, marriage, etc. What are the limits?

as people's understanding of HBsAg carriers is not comprehensive, and some young HBsAg carriers in education, employment, marriage, and even abroad have undergone a variety of issues. In fact, some problems are not so serious. HBsAg carriers account for about 10% of the total population in China, there is no shortage of them scientists, famous actors and glory for the country's top athletes. In addition to some studies, such as the Kindergarten Teachers, nurses, food service industry endures, further education, employment, or abroad should not have too many restrictions. This is because hepatitis B infection is mainly through blood, and occasionally through saliva, semen, infection, exposure to daily life is generally less likely to spread to other people. As for marriage, as long as the other anti-HBs-positive, or HBsAg-positive, there is no mutual transmission problems. If all of the other HBV-negative, the proposed injection of hepatitis B vaccine after the marriage.

liver cells infected by the virus and the emergence of clear response to the virus, which is the body of a self-protective reaction. The result is a large number of virus is cleared, while the infected liver cells are being destroyed, elevated aminotransferases, and sometimes there will be elevated bilirubin (ie, jaundice). But this is often not completely clear, for the non-replicating state often can not kill the virus was latent state. When the body's immune system decline, the virus begins copying again, infection of new liver cells and lead to a new immune attack. So repeated removal, destruction, and then cleared, then the process of destruction is the process of development of chronic hepatitis. With the clearance of virus in the blood, serum anti-HBe appeared, HBeAg disappeared, also from the Thus, from the even detected the virus in the blood.
Although the total hoping to



three-line-positive hepatitis B and liver damage are two different things. Surface antigen (HBsAg), e antigen (HBeAg) and core antibody (anti-HBc) positive, commonly known as positive, the only show that the existence of hepatitis B virus in vivo, and the viral load is greater, but not equal to liver inflammation and damage to weight. Whether and the extent of liver damage can be seen simply to determine liver function test results, the more accurate judgments should do liver biopsies.

has been the normal people, also known as hepatitis B virus carriers.

It is estimated that the world population carry the hepatitis B virus, about 215 million people, about 120 million or so in China, Beijing approximately 60 million. People carrying hepatitis B virus is the hepatitis B virus which continued survival of the host, for the spread and incidence of hepatitis B play an important role, has become a serious social problem. Asymptomatic HBsAg carriers was not really a Therefore, HBsAg carriers not donate blood, to observe good personal hygiene and public health, to develop good health habits, do not mix with other toiletries. And bring people in close contact with hepatitis B virus, the hepatitis B vaccine injection in time, before they occur. Can

HBsAg and HBeAg negative?

patients with acute hepatitis B surface antigen and e antigen negative conversion is very high; but HBSAg chronic hepatitis and negative carriers are few, only 1 in negative -2%. Existing drug did not make it go away. As for the HBeAg, over time, at least 50% of the people will be overcast, and the production of anti a HBe. Existing antiviral drugs, such as interferon, Famciclovir and others have may have the e antigen negative. HBeAg converted to anti-HBe is evidence of latent infection, indicating viral replication is not active. Hepatitis B surface antibody only when there is (anti-a HBS) positive, can be considered basically eliminated or completely eliminate the virus.

HBsAg and HBV risk women in childbirth, what?

risk can be summarized as follows:

1. The greatest danger is to infants infected with hepatitis B, but for HB Soft carriers and chronic HBV infection to the newborn carriers the opportunity to be different. Has been reported, HBs and HB adjacent to double-positive mothers of infants in the expulsion of the possibility of perinatal HBV infection was 70% hundred grumble, but pure single-HBs positive mothers of infants in the expulsion of the possibility of perinatal infection only 30%. Where perinatal infection -95%, 6% will develop a chronic HBV carriers; early childhood infections, there it will become chronic carriers of 30, while the adults become chronic carriers after infection, the proportion of only 5% to 10% . This fully shows that during the neonatal period and infants infected with hepatitis B virus is most dangerous.

2. If the patient really is a chronic HBsAg or HBV carriers, that is, she is not hiding the progress of chronic hepatitis. Liver cirrhosis, the pregnancy and the health of women through no big difference, if it is well-compensated liver function, chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis, which may occur after pregnancy, liver damage, ALT increase, or even jaundice , in childbirth, danger, such as postpartum hemorrhage and so on.

3. For the fetus, in early pregnancy, miscarriage may occur; in late pregnancy, fetal death may occur, premature birth, etc.; in the production of fetal rates may of Health and so on. Some of the above >
because HBV may be through the parent - infant, the mother - infant transmission of, for prenatal and postnatal care, fertility problems should be treated carefully.

couples where one party is HBsAg positive and HBeAg positive or HBV -DNA positive, infectious stronger or nipple semen, vaginal secretions may be infectious, it should not be pregnant at this time, should actively carry out treatment, waiting for HBeAg or HBV-DNA negative conversion before considering pregnancy. If the other party exists have anti-HBs, that there is immunity, fertility can be considered at this time. However, high prices during pregnancy should be immune globulin injection, and time after birth and hepatitis B vaccine immune globulin injection high prices, this would block the mother - infant spread. If the person is anti-HBs negative, then easily infected with HBV, the need for timely injection of hepatitis B vaccine, to be anti-HBs producing enough time to reconsider the fertility.

6. Lipids Check
; normal reference values ​​
triglyceride (TG) ; 0.4-1.86mmol / L
total cholesterol (TC) 3.89 -6.48mmol / L
low-density lipoprotein (LDLC) 0-4.14mmol / L
high-density lipoprotein (HDLC) ; 1.04-1.74mmol / L

steroids if the serum total bile reached or exceeded 5.72mmol / L, triglyceride reached or exceeded 1.70 mmol / L, respectively, can be diagnosed as If less than 0.91 mmol / L (35mg/dl) is a lipid metabolism disorder is also known as the


risk factors for coronary heart disease hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis is the major risk factor. Most of the serum total cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease in the 5.0-6.5 mmol / L, serum total cholesterol 4.5 mmol / L below the greater the likelihood of coronary heart disease, it reduced by 1% each, the risk of coronary heart disease can be reduced by 2%.
studies have shown that high triglycerides are risk factors for coronary heart disease. Although secondary or genetic factors can increase triglyceride levels, but most of the increase of serum triglycerides due to the metabolic syndrome.
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is an important risk factor for coronary heart disease. Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels lower, the occurrence of atherosclerosis in the greater the risk.
low density lipoprotein cholesterol induced atherosclerosis is lipoprotein. Many studies suggest that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is the main reason for coronary heart disease, lowering LDL to the treatment, can reduce the immediate risk of heart disease 40%.

7. Diabetes Check

diabetes, is a common endocrine and metabolic diseases and frequently-occurring disease. Its incidence increases every year in the world can be classified as following the heart and cerebrovascular diseases, malignant disease the third largest disease. Because diabetes can also cause a variety of chronic complications, mortality is relatively high lift this complication, a serious threat to human life and health; Therefore, the detection of diabetes is an important part, to early diagnosis and treatment.

mainly through the detection of diabetes, blood glucose and urine sugar content.

1. Urine: (1) qualitative urine test: urine positive for the diagnosis of diabetes important clue, but diabetic patients with mild fasting or before meals can be negative, always positive urine sugar after a meal, it can check urine 2 hours after meals ; elderly patients with urine examination can be negative. (2) quantitative determination of glucose in urine: quantitative determination of 24-hour urine treatment of diabetes can be observed.

2. Blood glucose: fasting blood glucose levels as frequently reached or exceeded 126mg/dl (7.0 mmol / l), tips diabetes.

3. Oral glucose tolerance test: diabetes suspicious, and fasting and postprandial blood glucose normal or slightly elevated, making sure not diagnosed in need of oral glucose tolerance test. Methods: Fasting blood and oral administration of 100 grams (75 grams used in recent years, many foreign countries) glucose, were measured after serving 1 / 2, 1,2,3-hour glucose concentration, fasting plasma glucose concentrations. Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 125mg/dl, 1 / 2 小时 ≥ 200mg/dl, 1 小时 ≥ 190mg/dl, 2 小时 ≥ 150mg/dl, 3 小时 ≥ 125mg/dl, as an exception; where fasting, 1 / 2 or 1 hour , 2 hours and 3 hours 3 times more than four times in this standard, compared with diabetes, if reached or exceeded for the second normal glucose tolerance.

4. Determination of glycosylated hemoglobin: glycosylated hemoglobin content of normal human peripheral blood 4-6% of the total hemoglobin in patients with uncontrolled diabetes and its content 2-4 times higher than normal; when 2 months after the diabetes control can be reduced to normal or near normal; Therefore, determination of glycated hemoglobin can be reactive in the past 2-3 months, the total change in blood sugar, helps to determine the degree of diabetes control.

diagnostic criteria for diabetes:
who were diagnosed with typical symptoms of diabetes such as by repeat examination and correct diagnosis of diabetes can be.
diagnostic fasting plasma glucose fasting blood glucose <6.1mmol / L (110mg/dl) was normal; fasting plasma glucose 6.1mmol / L (110mg/dl)-6.9mmol / L (125mg/dl) by fasting plasma glucose Loss (IFG); fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0mmol / L (126mg/dl) for diabetes.
oral glucose tolerance test in diagnosis of 2-hour postprandial blood glucose <7.8mmol / L (140mg/dl) was normal; fasting blood glucose <7.0mmol / L, while the two-hour postprandial blood glucose 7.8mmol / L -11.0mmol / L as impaired glucose tolerance, 2-hour postprandial glucose ≥ 11.1mmol / L as diabetes.
8. The diagnosis of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia


for different gestational age / birth weight premature children jaundice standard recommended interventions ,35-36w / 2000-2500g to phototherapy in preterm children the standard is:
A. 24 hours of serum bilirubin levels ≥ 5mg/dl
B. 24 hours of serum bilirubin levels ≥ 7mg/dl

a non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia diagnosed

serum bilirubin levels in the diagnosis of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia an important indicator. In the first 4-5 days after birth, most newborns have an increased serum bilirubin peak period, from birth, umbilical cord blood bilirubin 26μmol / L (1.5mg/dl) to 4-5 after birth day 102-205μmol / L (6-12mg/dl). Even under normal circumstances, serum bilirubin levels than adults. Adult bilirubin> 34μmol / L (2mg/dl) can see the skin, sclera jaundice, neonatal capillary rich because, bilirubin> 86-120μmol / L (5-7mg/dl) before jaundice.
observation and detection of neonatal jaundice in the appropriate day, natural light should be observed by naked newborns, early in most cases can be observed in the skin and sclera jaundice. Examiner with the thumb pressing hard parts of the body surface of the skin, such as: forehead, chest, or thigh, are primarily white contribute to the observed potential skin yellow.

using skin reflectance measurements using transcutaneous bilirubin meter as a clinical assessment of jaundice in the nursery level of another way. Transcutaneous bilirubin measurements and serum bilirubin levels were well correlated, standardized technology and equipment can be used for screening of hyperbilirubinemia. Transcutaneous bilirubin meter measuring the correlation between serum bilirubin than non-whites in the white better.

clinical observation and measurement of bilirubin transcutaneous jaundice are confirmed full-term children progress from the face downward, when the bilirubin level can be observed 6-8mg/dl scleral and facial jaundice, 137 -171μmol / L (8-10mg/dl) shoulder and torso when the jaundice, jaundice was significantly lower extremity 171-205μmol / L (10-12 mg / dl) levels. See the whole body estimates of serum bilirubin jaundice in 205-256μmol / L (12-15mg/dl) level. Although this is only the most cursory assessment of neonatal jaundice for a day of observation, and often the ability to detect and recognize progress in hyperbilirubinemia. Conducive to early detection, diagnosis and provide interventions and tracking. The first day after birth abnormalities observed in jaundice, the need for timely assessment and tracking. In the first 3-4 days after birth or at discharge, showing a slight jaundice, the bilirubin level for the average full-term newborns, in general good, can not intervene. But it is necessary to teach parents how to observe the newborn jaundice.

addition to laboratory determination of total bilirubin and direct bilirubin (conjugated bilirubin), the clinical hyperbilirubinemia should be made on the comprehensive examination, including abdominal palpation Recalling the mother and newborn blood group incompatibility history and laboratory evidence, antibody titers and Coomb test results and family history of newborns, children, siblings or relatives in the history of the period of jaundice.


Second, the diagnosis of hemolytic disease of newborn

1. Rh hemolytic
Rh blood group incompatibility with the group of severe autoimmune hemolytic is one of the causes of hyperbilirubinemia, kernicterus is the common term for children. 16% of North American women are Rh negative, most of the D antigen negative. Rh hemolytic relatively rare in China. In the first delivery of neonatal Rh-positive blood because the placenta, the mother had Rh-positive fetus abortion, Rh negative mothers received a small amount of Rh-positive fetal cells in blood transfusions. When these cells into the Rh-negative Rh-positive mother of cycles, the mother's immune system, the Rh-positive red blood cells to foreign antigen antibodies. The latter were exposed to Rh positive fetal cells in any subsequent Rh-positive fetus once the pregnancy, or pregnancy at the same time through the placenta of fetal cells when mothers have increased IgG antibodies against the fetal titers of anti-Rh-positive mothers The IgG antibodies through the placenta and then to the fetus Rh-positive fetus's red blood cell destruction. Increase the maternal antibodies, fetal red blood cell antigens soon be recognized by circulating antibodies in the blood vessels inside and outside to be destroyed and dissolved. The second pregnancy produced fetal intrauterine further hemolysis and hyperbilirubinemia. Severe cases, severe intrauterine anemia that results in high cardiac output heart failure, edema, edema of the fetus can be observed from the ultrasound.
can be used to measure the Rh antibody titer of Rh-negative mother's pregnancy monitoring after, ultrasound monitoring can explore hepatosplenomegaly and peripheral edema, and can be detected by abdominal amniocentesis in the presence of bilirubin in the amniotic fluid. The increase of bilirubin in the amniotic fluid, especially with ultrasound confirmed hepatosplenomegaly or edema, the prognosis in critical need through the abdominal wall under ultrasound guidance in the red blood cell transfusion, if the fetus near the end of term pregnancy as soon as possible.

2. ABO blood group incompatibility hemolytic
ABO hemolytic disease is more common than Rh hemolytic disease, but after good. Almost all cases, the mother blood type is O, newborn blood type is A type or B type. Mother's anti-A or anti-B IgG, in late pregnancy or childbirth passively transported to the baby. With the spleen of antigen-antibody complex to identify and exclusion, early and rapid fetal hemolysis. Because the fetal red blood cells per hundred only near 7500-8000A or B antigen attachment points (compared to adult 15000-20000). Antibody on the adhesion of fetal cells is not easy, and not be completely destroyed. Antigen-antibody in fetal cells of the small number of attachment points can make a direct Coomb test weakly positive or even negative. Although 25% of pregnant women have a potential ABO blood group incompatibility, only a minority (10-15%) newborns Coomb test was positive. In the absence of positive antibody results, could not confirm the diagnosis of neonatal hemolysis. Because not all of the ABO blood group incompatibility can lead to neonatal hemolysis, confirming the diagnosis must be direct or indirect Coombs test or release test antibody positive results.

In short, all mothers in the prenatal and hospital delivery should be done before the ABO blood group and Rh blood type checks, if the mother is Rh negative nature, should determine the titer of Rh antibodies to determine the production and productivity through time , the post-emergency treatment. If the mother's blood type is O-or Rh-negative, neonatal ABO blood group and Rh should check blood; blood group incompatibility, should be screened for the antibody, in addition to direct anti-human globulin test (Coombs), the serum antibody free newborns test positive that the body has antibodies are not necessarily allergic, can not serve as basis for the diagnosis and antibody tests confirmed the release of red blood cells have been sensitized infants, diagnosis was established.

suspected neonatal hyperbilirubinemia due to hemolysis, in addition to serum bilirubin, we must also check the hemoglobin, hematocrit, reticulocyte count, red blood cell morphology. Rh hemolytic for cases of highly suspected, immediately after birth, umbilical cord blood samples do hemoglobin, hematocrit and bilirubin determination. ABO hemolytic cases of suspicious, do not check the cord blood, because ABO hemolytic rarely cause significant birth, jaundice and anemia.

Third, the prediction of hyperbilirubinemia

clinical jaundice can be the first time in days and the subsequent rate of increase in serum bilirubin, suggesting the possible clinical course and high the degree of hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubin is dissipated after the delay. For example, for non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia in normal neonates the maximum rate of rise in bilirubin 85μmol/L.d (5mg/dl.d), or 3.24μmol/L.h (0.2mg / dl.h). The first day after birth, jaundice or visible within 48 hours after birth, bilirubin level ≥ 171μmol / L (10mg/dl), bilirubin increased faster than the normal range, it is possible with some of the pathological factors of potential . Assessment of the growth rate of bilirubin can be estimated in the next 12-24 hours, the level of bilirubin may be. Most cases, if the newborn within the first 24 hours of observation of obvious jaundice, serum bilirubin level of ≥ 103μmol / L (6mg/dl), and the growth rate of bilirubin than 3.24μmol/L.h ( 0.2mg/dl.h), repeated every 8 hours should be determined until the bilirubin level of stability, or to interfere with standard treatment. During this time, not sure if living jaundice, clinically based on the initial bilirubin level and the growth in the laboratory for further analysis and diagnosis of potential causes.

end-expiratory carbon monoxide (end-tidal CO corrected for ambient CO ETCOc) is to monitor the endogenous CO produced good indicator. Heme from aging red blood cells and proteins produced by hemoglobin, the heme by heme oxygenase into biliverdin release process of CO, per mole of heme metabolism in a will have a number of other mole CO. Clinically severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, monitoring the generation of endogenous CO could be more intuitive prediction of serum bilirubin generation.

addition, due to obstruction of various causes of liver disease can also occur in the neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Diagnosis requires the determination of total bilirubin and direct bilirubin. Direct bilirubin higher than the 17.1-26μmol / L (1.0-1.5mg/dl), particularly in the days or weeks after birth, the direct bilirubin continued to increase, and the need for differential diagnosis should be suspected. In principle, all infants should be included in the total bilirubin bilirubin and direct bilirubin. Rapid determination of total bilirubin micro blood can only be applied to tracking, the conditions should be determined if direct bilirubin.


9, stool examination





10, sexually transmitted diseases, check





11, reproduction system-related hormones







12, vaginal examination

13, thyroid function tests




14, cervical examination
[project name] vaginal cytology of a cervical smear
by taking vaginal or cervical secretions, exfoliated cells obtained after the smear, and through manual observation or through the computer scan analysis to check the form of vaginal or cervical cells, with the aim of detection and diagnosis of cervical cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, very early changes in detection and diagnosis of human papillomavirus and herpes simplex virus infection, detection and diagnosis, such as drip insect vaginitis, fungal vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis and other microbial infections, determination of ovarian function.

[abbreviation] C tablets, V-chip, CCI, TCT

[reference] normal range, and no abnormality was found

[clinical significance]
1.